diff --git a/interface/web/src/Markdown.jsx b/interface/web/src/Markdown.jsx
index 296b69d..e95550f 100644
--- a/interface/web/src/Markdown.jsx
+++ b/interface/web/src/Markdown.jsx
@@ -243,6 +243,9 @@ const _PREVIEW_BOOTSTRAP = `<script>
       observers[observers.length - 1].observe(document.body);
     }
     setTimeout(post, 300); // late paints: fonts, async draws, first rAF frame
+    // Heartbeat: the parent's watchdog needs a message even when nothing is
+    // changing, or an idle-but-alive frame reads the same as a hung one.
+    setInterval(post, 1000);
   });
 })();
 </script>`;
@@ -304,6 +307,14 @@ const _MIN_PREVIEW_H = 160;
 const _MAX_PREVIEW_H = 720;
 const _MAX_H_STEPS = 60;
 
+// A frame that never posts again — a synchronous `while(true)` in the user's
+// own script, or a runaway re-render loop the bootstrap's own coalescing
+// can't outpace — has nothing else to signal it. Silence past this long since
+// mount (or since the last message) is treated as hung and the frame is torn
+// down; the bootstrap's 1s heartbeat means a merely-idle-but-alive frame never
+// gets close to this.
+const _WATCHDOG_MS = 6000;
+
 // Live preview for a renderable fenced block: a Preview/Code toggle rendered
 // via a sandboxed iframe whose document is an encoded data: URL.
 //
@@ -407,9 +418,11 @@ function PreviewFrame({ lang, value, expanded }) {
   const [doc, setDoc] = useState("");
   const [buildError, setBuildError] = useState("");
   const [height, setHeight] = useState(240);
+  const [hung, setHung] = useState(false);
   const frameRef = useRef(null);
   const heightRef = useRef(240);  // mirrors `height` so the listener needn't re-subscribe
   const stepsRef = useRef(0);
+  const lastMsgRef = useRef(0);  // set for real by the watchdog effect below
 
   // Receive the bootstrap's reports. The frame is on an opaque origin, so
   // e.origin is the string "null" and proves nothing - identify the sender by
@@ -419,6 +432,7 @@ function PreviewFrame({ lang, value, expanded }) {
       if (!frameRef.current || e.source !== frameRef.current.contentWindow) return;
       const data = e.data;
       if (!data || data.__nexusPreview !== 1) return;
+      lastMsgRef.current = Date.now();
 
       if (typeof data.err === "string" && data.err) setError(data.err);
 
@@ -435,6 +449,23 @@ function PreviewFrame({ lang, value, expanded }) {
     return () => window.removeEventListener("message", onMessage);
   }, []);
 
+  // Watchdog: a frame that goes silent past _WATCHDOG_MS — most likely a
+  // synchronous infinite loop in the model's own script, which blocks even
+  // the bootstrap's heartbeat from ever running — gets torn down rather than
+  // left spinning. Checked on an interval rather than a single timeout so a
+  // message arriving late (slow compile, heavy first paint) keeps resetting
+  // the clock instead of tripping early.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    lastMsgRef.current = Date.now();
+    const id = setInterval(() => {
+      if (Date.now() - lastMsgRef.current > _WATCHDOG_MS) {
+        setHung(true);
+        clearInterval(id);
+      }
+    }, 1000);
+    return () => clearInterval(id);
+  }, [lang, value]);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     let current = true;
     setDoc("");
@@ -448,9 +479,13 @@ function PreviewFrame({ lang, value, expanded }) {
   }, [lang, value]);
 
   // A build failure (JSX that doesn't parse) has no document to show at all, so
-  // the message stands in for the frame rather than sitting under it.
-  const frameUrl = doc ? `data:text/html;charset=utf-8,${encodeURIComponent(doc)}` : "";
-  const shown = buildError || error;
+  // the message stands in for the frame rather than sitting under it. A hung
+  // frame tears down the same way: dropping frameUrl unmounts the iframe,
+  // which is what actually stops a runaway script from holding the tab.
+  const frameUrl = doc && !hung ? `data:text/html;charset=utf-8,${encodeURIComponent(doc)}` : "";
+  const shown = hung
+    ? "Preview stopped responding (likely an infinite loop) and was stopped."
+    : buildError || error;
 
   return (
     <>
diff --git a/synapse/chat.py b/synapse/chat.py
index 7ebb23f..5156f95 100644
--- a/synapse/chat.py
+++ b/synapse/chat.py
@@ -276,18 +276,23 @@ async def _run_tool_loop(manager, messages, model, tool_schemas, temperature, nu
         )
         if not isinstance(msg, dict):
             break  # None/error or no tool support -> fall back to plain stream
+        native = bool(msg.get("tool_calls"))
         calls = _coerce_tool_calls(msg, allowed_names)
         if not calls:
             break
         # Normalize content-JSON tool calls into the shape later turns expect.
-        if not msg.get("tool_calls"):
+        if not native:
             msg = {"role": "assistant", "content": "", "tool_calls": calls}
         messages.append(msg)
 
         # If any action tool needs per-call approval, pause and wait for the user.
+        # A call recovered by guessing at `content` (no native tool_calls field)
+        # is a weaker signal than the API's own structured field — a model can
+        # land on JSON shaped like a call while only meaning to describe one, so
+        # it always goes through approval regardless of policy, even "allow".
         decisions = None
         action_calls = [c for c in calls if _tools.is_action(c.get("function", {}).get("name", ""))]
-        if policy == "ask" and action_calls:
+        if (policy == "ask" or not native) and action_calls:
             event = asyncio.Event()
             # Single-use capability token, delivered only to the client that owns
             # this stream. /chat/approve requires it, so knowing the (guessable,
diff --git a/tests/test_tools.py b/tests/test_tools.py
index 9d2c7a1..50218fb 100644
--- a/tests/test_tools.py
+++ b/tests/test_tools.py
@@ -93,6 +93,52 @@ def test_ask_policy_skips_on_deny(monkeypatch):
     assert any(m["role"] == "tool" and "declined" in m["content"] for m in messages)
 
 
+class _ContentJsonActionManager:
+    """Small-model shape: dumps the action call into `content`, no native
+    `tool_calls` field — the lower-confidence path the "allow" bypass must
+    not trust."""
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.n = 0
+
+    async def chat(self, **_):
+        self.n += 1
+        if self.n == 1:
+            return {"role": "assistant",
+                    "content": json.dumps({"name": "remember", "arguments": {"text": "x"}})}
+        return {"role": "assistant", "content": "done"}
+
+
+def test_content_json_action_call_asks_even_under_allow_policy(monkeypatch):
+    """A call recovered by guessing at `content` is weaker evidence than the
+    API's own structured tool_calls field — a model can land on JSON shaped
+    like a call while only meaning to describe one. It must still go through
+    approval even when action_tool_policy is "allow", the default that lets a
+    *native* tool_calls field run unattended."""
+    from synapse import chat as chatmod
+
+    async def fake_dispatch(name, args):
+        return "saved-ok"
+    monkeypatch.setattr(tools, "dispatch", fake_dispatch)
+
+    async def run():
+        messages = [{"role": "user", "content": "remember x"}]
+        schemas = tools.schemas_for(["remember"])
+        gen = chatmod._run_tool_loop(_ContentJsonActionManager(), messages, "m", schemas, None, None,
+                                     conversation_id="conv", policy="allow")
+        statuses = []
+        async for s in gen:
+            statuses.append(s)
+            if s.startswith("__approve__"):
+                w = chatmod.pending_approvals["conv"]
+                w["decisions"] = {"remember": True}
+                w["event"].set()
+        return statuses
+
+    statuses = asyncio.run(run())
+    assert any(s.startswith("__approve__") for s in statuses)
+    assert "__status__remember" in statuses
+
+
 def test_action_tools_gated_by_consent():
     allow = ["search_memory", "web_search", "remember", "fetch_url"]
     on = [s["function"]["name"] for s in tools.schemas_for(allow, allow_actions=True)]